[LTI Provider] Added an authentication backend to log in LTI users

This change adds a Django authentication backend which, when installed
will authenticate users based on their LTI identity rather than using
a username/password combination. The authentication method determines
first whether a user with the given username exists and, if so, whether
that user is associated with an LTI identity. It also verifies that
the LTI consumer and user ID passed to the LTI launch match those
stored in the LtiUser table. This will always be the case if the
authentication backend is reached through the LTI code, but it
provides an extra guarantee if the backend is called from elsewhere.